Objective To construct a refined medical quality management pathway with quality control physicians as the core, and evaluate its application effect in hospital medical quality management. Methods A before-and-after control study was conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University from January 2023 to December 2025. The hospital medical quality management system and diagnosis and treatment activities in clinical and medico-technical departments were taken as the research objects. The year 2023 was set as the baseline period (conventional management), and 2024 – 2025 as the intervention period (implementation of refined management with quality control physicians as the core, including team building, closed-loop management processes, and information-based support). The observation indicators covered core quality indicators in terms of structure, process and outcome, as well as indicators related to quality control efficiency. Results After the intervention, the standardized rate of medical record writing increased from 88.44% to 96.20%, the clinical pathway admission rate rose from 70.10% to 86.30%, the average medical record review time was shortened from (18.42±4.67) minutes per case to (9.23±2.32) minutes per case, and the departmental rectification completion rate increased from 65.00% to 92.11%. All key indicators showed statistically significant improvements (all P＜0.05). Conclusion The refined medical quality management pathway with quality control physicians as the core can significantly improve the core medical quality indicators and quality control efficiency of the hospital, perfect the quality management closed loop, and promote the professionalization and normalization of hospital quality management, which demonstrates high practical value.