ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between hyperuricemia (HUA) and thyroid nodules (TNs) among adults in a community of Hefei, and to clarify the moderating effect of iodine nutritional status on their association, so as to provide evidence for precise prevention and control of chronic diseases at the primary level.MethodsA cluster sampling method was adopted, and 2,736residents aged 18 years and above from a community in Hefei City were selected as the study subjects. Data including demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, medical history, physical examination results, serum biochemical parameters, urinary iodine (UI) levels and thyroid ultrasound findings were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate Logistic regression, stratified analysis and interaction effect test.ResultsThe overall detection rate of TNs was 9.98%, and the prevalence of HUA was 14.00%. After adjusting for confounding factors, HUA was significantly positively correlated with TNs (OR＝2.21,P＜0.001). Stratification by iodine nutritional status showed that the association between HUA and TNs was the strongest in the population with excessive iodine (OR＝2.39,P＜0.001). Interaction analysis indicated that excessive iodine could positively enhance the association between the two (OR＝1.38,P＝0.021).ConclusionHUA is significantly associated with an increased risk of TNs. Iodine nutritional status exerts a positive moderating effect on their association, and excessive iodine strengthens the magnitude of the correlation between HUA and TNs. Communities should conduct iodine nutritional assessment among people with HUA to achieve collaborative prevention and control of multiple diseases.